How Do Solar Panels Work?

Solar panels work by converting sunlight into usable electricity using advanced semiconductor technology. This process is known as the photovoltaic (PV) effect.

Understanding how solar panels work helps users make informed decisions about system sizing, performance, and savings.

1. Capturing Sunlight

Solar panels are made of photovoltaic cells, usually composed of silicon. When sunlight hits these cells, photons energize electrons, setting them in motion.

This movement of electrons creates direct current (DC) electricity.

2. Conversion by Solar Inverter

Homes and businesses use alternating current (AC) electricity. The inverter converts DC electricity from the panels into AC electricity suitable for appliances.

Inverters also:

• Optimize power output

• Monitor system performance

• Provide safety protection

3. Powering Your Home or Business

The converted electricity is first used to run appliances. If excess energy is generated:

• It can be exported to the grid (net metering)

• Stored in batteries (hybrid/off-grid systems)

4. Net Metering Explained

Net metering allows surplus solar electricity to be sent back to the grid. In return, you receive credits that offset future electricity consumption.

5. Performance Factors

Solar output depends on:

• Sunlight availability

• Panel orientation & tilt

• Shading

• System quality

Conclusion

Solar panels efficiently transform sunlight into electricity using proven technology. With proper design and installation, they deliver reliable power and long-term savings.